McCain’s paternal grandfather and his father were four-star admirals; his father rose to command all the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific. A graduate of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, McCain volunteered for combat duty in Vietnam and began flying carrier-based planes on low-altitude bombing missions over North and South Vietnam. On October 23, 1967, during his 23rd air mission, the North Vietnamese shot down McCain’s plane over Hanoi; he broke both arms and one leg in the crash. When his captors learned he was the son of a high-ranking officer, they offered him early release, but McCain refused, partly because he wanted to prevent the enemy from using his release as propaganda.

McCain spent five and a half years in captivity–including a stint in the infamous Hoa Loa prison, nicknamed the “Hanoi Hilton”–and was repeatedly beaten and tortured. In March 1973, soon after a ceasefire ended U.S. participation in Vietnam, he was released along with other American POWs. McCain earned a Silver Star, Bronze Star, Purple Heart and Distinguished Flying Cross for his service in Vietnam. After retiring from the Navy in 1981, he decided to enter politics, winning a seat in the House of Representatives from Arizona in 1982. He moved on to the U.S. Senate in 1996, and in 2000 made an unsuccessful run for the Republican nomination for president. Eight years later, he won the nomination, but lost to Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election. McCain died of brain cancer in 2018 at age 81.

READ MORE: John McCain in the Military: From Navy Brat to POW

Born and raised in New York City, Stone dropped out of Yale University to teach English in South Vietnam, then dropped out again to enlist in the U.S. Army in 1967. During a 15-month tour of duty, Stone served in the 25th Infantry Division near the Cambodian border. In contrast to his earlier time in South Vietnam (near the beginning of the U.S. presence there), Stone felt that the Vietnamese had grown to resent the presence of American troops, and he soon grew disillusioned with the war effort. Wounded several times during his service, Stone was awarded a Bronze Star and two Purple Hearts.

After his return from Vietnam, Stone attended film school at New York University under the G.I. bill, studying with teachers like Martin Scorsese and producing early student films including Last Year in Viet Nam (1971). Stone went on to mine his experience in Vietnam for a trilogy of films: Platoon (1986) and Born on the Fourth of July (1989), both of which earned him Academy Awards for Best Director; and “Heaven and Earth” (1993). Platoon drew on Stone’s experience as a young volunteer in Vietnam, while Born on the Fourth of July was based on a memoir written by Ron Kovic, a paraplegic Vietnam vet who became an antiwar activist.

WATCH: Vietnam War documentaries on HISTORY Vault.

A native of Harlem and the South Bronx in New York City, Colin Powell joined the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) at the City University of New York and upon graduation was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. He served two tours of duty in Vietnam, from 1962-63 and 1968-69. In 1963, Powell was wounded by a punji-stick booby trap near the Vietnamese border with Laos; he was awarded the Purple Heart and later the Bronze Star for his injuries. During his second tour, he was injured in a helicopter crash, though he managed to help his fellow soldiers from the burning aircraft and earned the Soldier’s Medal for his actions.

After Vietnam, Powell continued to rise in the military ranks, winning the post of national security adviser to Ronald Reagan in 1987 and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under George H.W. Bush. He retired from the military in 1993. Despite widespread encouragement to run for president in the 1990s, Powell declined to throw his name into the ring, and in 2001 he became the country’s first African American secretary of state, in the administration of George W. Bush. Powell served as Secretary of State until 2005. He died from complications of COVID-19 in October of 2021 at age 84.

READ MORE: How Colin Powell's Service in Vietnam Shaped His Leadership

As a 25-year-old lieutenant in Vietnam in February 1969, the Nebraska-born Kerrey led a team of Navy SEALs in a nighttime mission on the village of Thanh Phong, on the Mekong Delta. They had been informed that Viet Cong were holding a meeting at the site, but ended up killing at least 13 unarmed women and children inside several peasant houses, known as “hooches.” The following month, Kerrey lost the lower part of his right leg when a grenade exploded at his feet during his team’s mission on Hon Tam Island in Cam Ranh Bay and was awarded a Medal of Honor.

Kerrey returned from Vietnam to serve one term as governor of Nebraska before winning a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1988. He retired in 2001 and became president of the New School University in New York. That year, Kerrey was faced with accusations by one of his fellow SEAL squad members that the squad had intentionally rounded up and killed civilians at Thanh Phong on Kerrey’s orders. Kerrey, who had been awarded a Bronze Star for “heroic achievement” for the events at Thanh Phong, denied this accusation but said that the incident was a tragic mistake that had haunted him ever since. He later wrote about that night in his autobiography, When I Was a Young Man.

READ MORE: Navy SEALS: 10 Key Missions

Roger Staubach, quarterback of the Dallas Cowboys from 1969-79 and the winner of two Super Bowl titles, graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis and served a tour of duty in the U.S. Navy in Vietnam before joining the National Football League (NFL). Longtime U.S. senator from Tennessee and vice president (1993-2001) Al Gore enlisted in the U.S. Army after his graduation from Harvard and served in Vietnam as a military reporter from 1969 to 1971. Steve Kroft, who made his name as a longtime correspondent on the CBS News program “60 Minutes,” also served the Army in Vietnam as a correspondent and photographer for Pacific Stars and Stripes.

Among the many other well-known American Vietnam veterans in various fields include Fred Smith, the founder of Federal Express; Craig Venter, the biologist who in 2001 announced the successful sequencing of the human genome; Tom Ridge, the former Pennsylvania governor who served as the first U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security; former Governor Gray Davis of California; John Kerry, the U.S. senator from Massachusetts and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee; “Wheel of Fortune” host Pat Sajak; the writers Tim O’Brien, Tracy Kidder and Nelson DeMille; and the actor Dennis Franz.