Roses weren’t always the go-to Valentine’s flower. In the 19th century, bouquets could contain a variety of flowers, each chosen to convey a specific meaning.

Elizabeth White Nelson, an associate professor of history at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and author of Market Sentiments: Middle-Class Market Culture in 19th-Century America, says 19th century flower dictionaries categorized and gave meanings to every flower. She explains that for Valentine’s Day, “The idea was that you could give a bouquet that was not just a bouquet of flowers. It had a whole message encoded into the flowers.”

A bouquet with yellow acacia (which means "concealed love"), jonquils ("I desire a return of affection") and snowdrops ("hope") sends the message that you secretly adore the recipient and hope those feelings might be reciprocated.

Nelson notes that sending these bouquets in the 19th century “depends on who you are and what kind of flowers you have access to, which I would say is a very small group of people in the middle of the winter in the United States.” She adds, “At the end of the [19th] century, you get more commercial florists and therefore more availability of flowers at more affordable price points. Then I think you see the shift toward roses.”

In the 18th and 19th centuries, puzzle purses were popular Valentine’s gifts in England and the United States. A puzzle purse consists of an intricately folded sheet of paper with parts of a message or verses written on different corners.

As a puzzle purse is intended to be read in a specific order, folds were usually numbered so the recipient knew how to proceed. Unfolding one part—undoing the puzzle—revealed a section of writing. Sometimes there was also a small gift waiting in the center.

Ayo Handy-Kendi, founder of the African American Holiday Association, was inspired to start Black Love Day in 1993 after seeing Malcolm X's assassination depicted in the biopic Malcolm X. She says she wanted a holiday to focus on “increasing peace and stopping violence.” For Black Love Day, Handy-Kendi instituted “a value system based on principles, like Kwanzaa.” She says, “The five tenets were showing love for the creator, showing love for ourself, showing love for the Black family, the Black community and the race.”

Black Love Day is celebrated on February 13, not the 14th. “Most of the holidays [in the United States] evolved from European culture,” Handy-Kendi explains. “You’re celebrating someone else's culture on a regular basis.”

Traci Parker, an associate professor of Afro-American studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, says of Black Love Day, “To have a place where love can be celebrated, especially in a community where it has been historically attacked, is really important.” She adds, “Looking at the history of Black love in this country, if we go back to slavery, it's something that has been weaponized against African Americans. It's something that wasn't seen to be something that African Americans should hold because African Americans weren't even deemed human.”

“Young folks by the 1950s and ‘60s have understood how to politicize their love and use it in the revolution to end white supremacy, to end Jim Crow,” Parker adds. “So I think that the holiday allows us to take a moment and remember that history. And do the work of reminding us of how central and integral love has been, romantic love has even been, in the Black community.”

Valentine’s Day, called Valentinstag, only took hold in Germany after the end of World War II. Since then, Germans have put their own spin on the day. One is by incorporating pigs, which are a symbol of luck in Germany, into Valentine’s gifts.

Germans also give out large heart-shaped gingerbread cookies, known as lebkuchen, for Valentine’s Day. These may include a personal message.

February 14 is for friends, not just lovers, in parts of Latin America, including Ecuador, El Salvador and Mexico. Known as El Día del Amor y Amistad (Day of Love and Friendship), it’s meant to recognize and honor friendship. In El Salvador, people draw names and exchange gifts in a tradition known as Amigo Secreto, Secret Friend, on that day.

In the 1980s, Estonia and Finland started to recognize platonic love and friendship alongside romance on February 14. Instead of exchanging cards or going out to eat with a romantic partner, people in these two countries do this with friends. In Estonia, this is Friend’s Day, Sõbrapäev. Finland's Friend's Day is Ystävän Päivä.

To help couples who can’t afford their own weddings, local governments in the Philippines organize mass weddings on or around Valentine’s Day. On February 14, 2010, 1,500 couples tied the knot at a mass ceremony in a Manila suburb.

Couples even turned out, albeit in reduced numbers, to get married on Valentine’s Day during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Thanks to these efforts, February 14 is the most common wedding anniversary in the country.

In Japan, women traditionally offer Valentine’s chocolates to men. One origin story for this is a chocolate manufacturer's 1958 suggestion that women use Valentine’s chocolates to confess romantic feelings. Another says Japanese department stores promoted the practice in the 1970s.

Women give different types of chocolate. Honmei choco, which means true feelings chocolate, goes to male romantic interests. Giri choco, obligation chocolate, is offered to male colleagues or classmates. However, the desire to distribute obligation chocolate has been declining. In a 2017 poll, less than 40 percent of women intended to hand out giri choco.

Tomo choco—friend chocolate—can go to friends of any gender. Japanese women who follow the gender-specific tradition have their own day to receive presents from the men in their lives when White Day arrives on March 14.

Flowers, chocolates, sentimental cards, even pig-themed gifts—these things may all be wonderful. But sometimes a relationship doesn't work out, which can make Valentine's Day difficult. However, if the ex responsible for your broken heart is still on your mind, there is a Valentine's solution: cockroaches.

Several zoos now allow people to pay a small fee to give a roach the name of their choosing. The Bronx Zoo has Name a Roach for your Valentine, Chicago's Brookfield Zoo offers Name a Cockroach After Your Ex and the San Antonio Zoo organizes a Cry Me a Cockroach Fundraiser. All offer some type of certificate to commemorate the naming—and to send along to the roach’s honoree.